Magical Congress of the United States of America

The Magical Congress of the United States of America (shortened MACUSA) is the magical body in charge of governing the wizarding population of the United States of America. It is led by the President of the Magical Congress of the United States of America. Unlike the No-Maj, which is divided into a and a , the MACUSA is unicameral. The MACUSA is located within the Woolworth Building in downtown New York City and has hundreds of storeys.

Functions
The MACUSA performs many of the same functions as other wizarding governing bodies in other countries such as the Ministries of Magic or Councils of Magic.

Early years
The Magical Congress of the United States of America was established in 1693 with the introduction of the International Statute of Secrecy, as a direct result of the Salem Witch Trials, thus pre-dating the No-Maj government by around a century. It was modelled on the Wizards' Council of Great Britain. Many representatives from several communities in North America were elected to create laws. One of them was Josiah Jackson who became the first President of MACUSA. Josiah was thought to be strong enough to deal with the troubles caused by the Salem Witch Trials.

The first task of the North American wizarding legislature was to put on trial the Scourers, a unscrupulous and brutal band of wizarding bounty hunters and racketeers, executing those convicted of murder, wizard-trafficking, and torture. Josiah Jackson main priority when he became President was to create and train Aurors. There were only a select few to start with with only two of the them surviving to old age. They won the enduring respect of the magic community in North America which was extended to their descendants.

MACUSA has had to move its location at least five times since its inception. Originally, MACUSA had no definite meeting place and moved around so it would not be detected by No-Majs.

Due to the fact that America had a very hostile relationship between magical and non magical people, there was no co-operation between MACUSA and the No-Maj government.

Eventually, MACUSA created an enchanted edifice in the Appalachian Mountains as their headquarters. However, they had to change it as it was in an inconvenient location.

In 1760, MACUSA relocated to Williamsburg in Virginia where it's then President Thornton Harkaway lived. Harkaway bred Crups which possess a great aggression towards non-magical people. When the crups attacked local No-Majs, it led to a great breach of the Statute of Secrecy and Harkaway had to step down due to disgrace.

MACUSA then relocated to Baltimore where President Able Fleming lived. However, when the Revolutionary War began which led to the arrival of the No-Maj Congress to the city, MACUSA decided to move to Washington.

In 1777, then President Elizabeth McGilliguddy presided over the infamous Country or Kind? debate. It was an extraordinary meeting which led to the expansion of the Great Meeting Chamber. They discussed whether to support their community or their country and whether to fight for liberation from the British Muggles. They also debated whether it was really their fight. The argument did not go well and it led to a fight. Pro-interventionists argued that by intervening, they could save lives while anti-interventionists believed that they would reveal their community by intervening and place it in danger. They sought the advice of the Ministry of Magic to find out whether they intended to intervene on their side and they replied with only a four word letter — "Sitting this one out". McGilliguddy replied with an even shorter message stating — "Mind you do".

Ultimately, they did not intervene but they did attempt to protect their No-Maj neighbours unofficially and celebrated Independence Day.



Due to the indiscretions of the dim-witted witch Dorcus Twelvetrees, the then President Emily Rappaport created Rappaport's Law which would enforce strict segregation between the No-Maj and wizarding communities. Henceforth wizards were no longer allowed to befriend or marry No-Majs and penalties of such fraternisation were harsh. Communication was also limited to that necessary to perform daily activities. During this time MACUSA worked strictly independent of itself from the No-Maj government to decrease the possibility of exposure.

Under Rappaport's Law, MACUSA continued to avoid communication with the No-Maj community for many years and MACUSA also continued to impose severe penalties on those who disobeyed the International Statute of Secrecy.

After the Great Sasquatch Rebellion of 1892, MACUSA was forced to relocate its headquarters for the fifth time in its history, and moved from Washington to New York City at the Woolworth Building where it remained throughout the 1920s. The rebellion was blamed on Irene Kneedander, Head of the Body for the Protection of Magical Species. Kneedander had taken to attacking an Sasquatch that had done something wrong which led to their decision to rebel. It had led to great Obliviations in Washington.

They needed a new headquarters, and over the course of several years, wizards infiltrated the construction team of a new building in New York. By the time the Woolworth Building was completed it could both house No-Majs and — if activated by the correct spells — transform into a space for wizards. The only outer mark of their new secret location was the owl carved over the entrance.

Sometime at the end of the 19th century, a legislation was introduced which would require all American wizards and witches to have a permit allowing them to carry a wand, a measure that was intended to keep tabs on all magical activity and identify the perpetrators by their wands.

Unlike the No-Maj community which had a strict Prohibition law against alcohol for many years, MACUSA allowed the wizarding community to consume alcohol. Though many criticised this policy, pointing out that it made witches and wizards rather conspicuous around sober No-Majs. However in a light-hearted moment, the then President Seraphina Picquery stated that being a wizard or witch in America was already hard enough and at one point famously told her Chief of Staff that the "Gigglewater" was non-negotiable.

It is known that House elves worked at MACUSA during the 1920s. One such House-elf was cleaning wands.

During his time in America in 1926, Newt Scamander visited the Magical Congress of the United States.

Present time
The current President of MACUSA and thus leader of American wizarding society is President Samuel G. Quahog.

Following the kidnapping of Hans the Augurey by American fans celebrating the American team's success in the quarter-finals of the 2014 Quidditch World Cup against Liechtenstein, several terse letters were exchanged between President Quahog and Otto Obermeier, Minister for Magic of Liechtenstein. Luckily, Hans was returned the following day, 9 June 2014, and the relationship between the two countries seemed not to have been too damaged.

MACUSA Headquarters
In the 1920s, MACUSA's main hall within the Woolworth Building was several hundred feet tall, filled with light and featuring black and gold accents. It contained a large Magical Exposure Threat Level Measurer above the front staircase along with a magical portrait of President of the Magical Congress of the United States of America Seraphina Picquery.

At the centre of the main room was a monument with four columns featuring Phoenix statues. In the middle was a group of statues commemorating those who died in the Salem Witch Trials. Under the monument are four words — Integritas, Unitas, Virtus, Magia which mean Integrity, Unity, Valour, and Magic.

Around the exterior of the hall were desks and columns topped with statues of the original twelve Aurors.

Law Enforcement
The first dozen volunteers to train as Aurors in the US have a special place in United States’ wizarding history, in part due to their sacrifice. Their descendants have been given particular respect ever since. Of these twelve, only two survived into old age: Charity Wilkinson, who would become MACUSA’s third President, and Theodard Fontaine, whose direct descendant Agilbert is the present day Headmaster of Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.

Also of note are Gondulphus Graves, ancestor to Percival Graves, whose family remains influential in American wizarding politics and Abraham Potter, who genealogists would discover centuries later was distantly related to Harry Potter.

Presidents

 * Josiah Jackson (c. 1693; 1st President of MACUSA)
 * Charity Wilkinson (3rd President of MACUSA)
 * Thornton Harkaway (1760)
 * Able Fleming
 * Elizabeth McGilliguddy (c. 1777)
 * Emily Rappaport (c. 1790; 15th President of the MACUSA)
 * Seraphina Picquery (1920-1928 )
 * Samuel G. Quahog (in office by 2014)

Original Twelve

 * Wilhelm Fischer
 * Theodard Fontaine - One of two original Aurors to live to old age.
 * Gondulphus Graves
 * Robert Grimsditch
 * Mary Jauncey
 * Carlos Lopez
 * Mungo MacDuff
 * Cormac O’Brien
 * Abraham Potter
 * Berthilde Roche
 * Helmut Weiss
 * Charity Wilkinson - One of two original Aurors to live to old age, later 3rd President of MACUSA.

Other personnel

 * Aristotle Twelvetrees - Keeper of Treasure and Dragots
 * Irene Kneedander - Head of the Body for Protection of Magical Species
 * Percival Graves - Director of Magical Security and Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement
 * Porpentina Goldstein - Auror, former Federal Wand Permit Officer
 * Queenie Goldstein - desk job in Wand Permit Office
 * Chief of Staff
 * E. A. Limus - Federal Identity Commissioner
 * Abernathy
 * Red - Goblin bellboy
 * Bernadette - Executioner
 * Sam - Obliviator
 * Albert Perschky - Apparition Examiner
 * Paloma Proudfoot - Surveillor of Activity

Behind the scenes

 * The MACUSA's emblem greatly resembles the observe side of the Great Seal of the United States, which is also used as the coat of arms of the United States of America, albeit with many differences.
 * Only the bald eagle proper, the stars, and the escutcheon remains; while the other elements from the No-Maj counterpart (the crest, the talons, the thirteen-leaved olive branch, the thirteen arrows, and the scroll with motto) are absent (perhaps to differentiate themselves from the No-Majs, e.g. Rappaport's Law).
 * In contrast to its No-Maj counterpart, the bald eagle dominates the entire emblem as a blue silhouette (with variations in shading), and its head and beak faces towards the viewer's right (the No-Maj counterpart faces towards the viewer's left).
 * Beneath the bald eagle's outstretched wings are three tongues of flame on each side, perhaps symbolising the Salem Witch Trials; the MACUSA was established as a direct result of the aftermath, and is therefore used as a tool in rationale for its foundation and legitimization.
 * The escutcheon (in the eagle's breast, which seems to blend in with the eagle) is much larger than its No-Maj counterpart (perhaps in proportion to the size of the bald eagle), with its bottom reaching to halfway of the border. Its chief (like its No-Maj counterpart) is also blue (therefore violating the heraldic rule of tincture of "no colour on colour" since the eagle's breast is also blue of the "azure" shade), but unlike its No-Maj counterpart, contains thirty white stars (in five irregular rows). The colouring of its paleways (the stripes; also thirteen pieces) are in reverse of its No-Maj counterpart (outermost sides in white), resembling the vertical display of the flag of the United States.
 * The bald eagle's head has twenty-nine radiating lines up to its wings in the background, termed in heraldry as "glory". But unlike its No-Maj counterpart (above the eagle's head is a crest of thirteen white stars arranged in a six-pointed star pattern, on a blue field within a yellow glory breaking through a cloud proper), the "glory" ends up to the borders of the eagle's outstretched wings, and within the space are eighteen randomly positioned stars (which is similar to the early committee designs for the No-Majs' counterpart seal, described as a "constellation"; it was in 1782 when the first die was made that the six-pointed star pattern (after English heraldry) was adopted for the No-Maj seal).
 * The emblem contains altogether forty-eight stars, symbolising the number of states of America by the 1920's.
 * The 48th state, Arizona, was admitted in 14 February 1912. Alaska & Hawaii were both to be admitted in 1959 (7 months apart).
 * This comes as problematic in the case of the emblem's history.
 * As MACUSA was established in 1693 and prior to the 1776 establishment of the No-Maj government "America" only consisted of the Thirteen Colonies (which later became the first states upon the No-Maj declaration of independence and made official upon the ratification of the 1787 No-Maj Constitution), it would become improbable if the emblem was made as it is with forty-eight stars.
 * It is likely the emblem was made as an emulation of the obverse of the Great Seal, for in 15 September 1789, the No-Maj Congress ordered and declared it to be the seal of the United States (after seven years in No-Maj usage after the final design and the casting of the first die of the seal).
 * Most likely the MACUSA emblem is similar with the Seal of the President of the United States (which uses a variation of the obverse of the Great Seal), since it has the similar concept of having stars conforming to the current states admitted to the Union (having in its current design fifty stars surrounding the shield and crest).
 * As the MACUSA functions as all three branches of government (like its European counterparts) and its leader is the "President", it is more likely this was the intention.
 * Three known older seals exist whose provenances match with the number of stars conforming to the number of states admitted in the Union.
 * The present design of the No-Majs' presidential seal dates to 25 October 1945, when Truman issued Executive Order 9646 which defined & specified the seal's design, and had 48 stars (like that of MACUSA's, only twenty years into the future from the FBWTFT timeline). The design changed with Alaska and Hawaii's admission into the union under Eisenhower (with corresponding Executive Orders), with the last change in 1960, from which the current seal is used.
 * It seems probable that the MACUSA has a judicial branch to adjudicate on violations of Wizard law, and an organisation like the Wizengamot which is akin to the Supreme Court used by the No-Maj.
 * A Federal Bureau of Covert Vigilance and No-Maj Obliviation exists and seemingly operates under the jurisdiction of MACUSA. (F.B.C.V.N.O.) appears to deal with wizarding/No-Maj law enforcement at a federal level.
 * Similar to how the No-Maj US government is split into three separate branches to prevent any one branch from gaining all the power, the Wizard government may have followed a related system of "checks and balances".
 * Conversely, with its unicameral legislative body, MACUSA may have centralised government powers as a means of preventing and controlling any breaches of the International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy.
 * It's possible that each state in the US has it's own state wizarding government, emulating the No-Maj Federal set-up, especially given how many departments of the MACUSA have the word "federal" in them, implying a federalized structure of government.
 * It is possible that wizarding newspaper The New York Ghost may have relations with MACUSA as the Ministry of Magic has ties to The Daily Prophet.
 * The acronym "MACUSA" is commonly pronounced "Mah-cooz-ah".
 * The worst criminals apprehended by MACUSA are executed rather then incarcerated.
 * This is a reflection of how the United States still utilise the death penalty for many of their most dangerous offenders who don't get granted clemency via the defence of criminal actions being due to insanity. The State Government of Texas has sentenced to death and executed over 430 individuals to date, the largest number of any other State in the nation.

Notes and references
Mágico Congreso de Estados Unidos Магический конгресс Соединённых Штатов Америки Congrès magique des États-Unis d'Amérique Magiczny Kongres Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki pt-br:Congresso Mágico dos Estados Unidos da América