Well, the books don't specify the locations, but the films made the mistake of telling us EXACTLY where it is. The third film mentions Dowding Way and the fact that Hogwarts is close.

The 4th film, though, does this:

Hogwarts is literally after Glenfinnan Viaduct.

The films are very incoherent, though. That's one of the reasons I prefer the books. For some reason, everytime they cross the Viaduct, they cross it on a different time of day, at least it seems due to light intensity (independent of cloud intensity):

• In the 1st film, we can't really see it. We can see water from the window when Ron and Harry are talking to each other. Hermione mentions them being almost there. Yet, it's still bright day, I'd say around 19:15 or smth given that the sun sets at around 20:15 on 1st of September (you can't see the Sun, but when Ron asks Harry if he really does have the scar, you can see that the sky is whiter around the horizon rather than being "uniform", indicating the sun is nearly setting); they only arrive Hogwarts are night so either the brightest witch of her age was terribly wrong with her time calculations, or she was with her distance ones. In the book, after she leaves, a lot still happens. Unlike the film, the Malfoy trio does the whole convo in the train after she leaves, instead of doing it in the castle while awaiting for the Sorting Ceremony. After that weird encounter, Hermione comes back and says that "I’ve just been up to the front to ask the conductor, and he says we’re nearly there.", only there she does the dirty nose quote.

• In the 2nd film, the Ford Anglia appears to be flying the same area way sooner, around 16:00 or so it seems, the Sun is way higher (the clouds afar are lit from above), yet they only manage to arrive after everybody else, at night.

• In the 3rd film, even though it's raining, the train stops in the same Viaduct (Dementors) and this time the sun has already set, it's the blue hour or slightly past that. Once again they arrive Hogwarts at night.

• In the 4th film, we cannot say when they are crossing it since the entire sky is cloudy, thick clouds, apart from a little area where light hits a part of the lake, you can see Hogwarts far away on the margin of the lake when they are crossing the Viaduct.

• In thr 5th film we cannot see the Viaduct but we can still see the huge lake, that we always see when they cross the Viaduct, meaning that the scene is set right after they cross the Viaduct. The train is crossing that place, once again, during Blue Hour, though slightly different, minutes away from what we see in the previous film.

• In the following films we cannot see the Viaduct nor the lake since the sceneries are set in "rocky, dead, brown" plains with no apparent life.

The comment that earned House Points here mentions train speeds and distances between Hogwarts, the Station where the Students leave the train and surrounding areas/populated areas. That is useless since it won't lead us anywhere. As far as I am concerned, the station is far from Hogwarts itself. We know 1st year students need to cross part of the Great Lake (also known as Black Lake), not necesserily meaning they cross it from one side to the other. The others use carriages pushed by Thestrals, as we learn from the 5th film.

If the Station was that close to Hogwarts, why would they need to ride the carriages or the boats?

Also, in the 3rd film, you can see that the Station is, indeed, very far from the School, right here:

As you can see, we are still far from the school, so much that we have street signs pointing to Hogwarts and Hogsmeade. Assuming the Station isn't right there, we can presume that it's even further way.

Now the fact that they only arrive Hogwarts at night starts making more sense. Even if they reach the Station during the day, they still have a bit of a walk to do untill they reach the School.

That being said, even though it is unknown where Hogwarts is located, we can presume that, what we see in the 1st image can be entirely correct.

Why do they cross the Viaduct at different times of the day? We shall never know, maybe the books explain but that's where my ADHD starts to fail me for I have already read all books more than 30 times and seen all films more than 40 (I'm rewatching them this very instance, actually) but some things still escape me. Maybe technical difficulties, things we may never know.

In conclusion, Hogwarts is located within viewing distance from the Viaduct, in the margins of the Great Lake located between the school and the Viaduct, which happens to be one of the last things they cross before arriving the station, still a bit far from the school.