If Quirrell had murdered Harry in the middle of the year, he would have promptly been caught and sent to Azkaban, and Voldemort would have lost his chance at getting the Sorcerer’s Stone.
In the first one, Voldemort waited until the end of the year because that was when he got all the information that he needed to get past Fluffy and the other obstacles. He tried earlier on Halloween, but it didn’t work.
In the second one, his initial goal was just to take out muggle borns. After he decided to go after Harry, he couldn’t do much until Ginny recovered the diary, and then it still took him some time to get her to go into the Chamber.
He wasn’t in the third one. In the fourth one, his entire plan involved turning the triwkzard cup into a portkey. He couldn’t make his move until the third task, which was around the end of the year.
In the fifth one, he didn’t learn how the prophecy was protected until near the end of the book. Once he learned the details, he was able to come up with a plan that involved tricking Harry, but that wasn’t ready until the end of the year.
He wasn’t in the sixth one. In the seventh one, he was looking for Harry all year, but he didn’t realize that Harry was looking for horcruxes until Harry publicly robbed Gringotts towards the end of the school year. Once Voldemort realized that Harry would be heading to Hogwarts to go after the diadem, he launched the invasion of Hogwarts.