The Astronomy Tower is the highest tower at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter's first year, he and Hermione Granger climbed to the top of the Astronomy Tower to give Rubeus Hagrid's pet dragon, Norbert, to Charlie Weasley to take care of. Five years later, when the Death Eaters arrived at Hogwarts, most of the Battle of Hogwarts between the opposing sides took place in this tower, or in the corridor below.
Albus Dumbledore was blasted to his death from the tower's ramparts by an Avada Kedavra from Severus Snape.